核心规则
过去分词没有独立时态，常表示与逻辑主语之间的被动关系或动作完成后的状态。规则动词多以 -ed 结尾，不规则动词需掌握第三形式。
结构与例句
| 功能 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| 前置定语 | recycled materials |
| 后置定语 | the data collected yesterday |
| 表语 | The door remained locked. |
| 宾补 | We found the window broken. |
| 状语 | Surrounded by trees, the house is quiet. |
使用场景
单个过去分词常前置，较长分词短语通常后置。作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致，并可还原为相应的状语从句。
常见错误
错误： The students were interesting in the topic. → 人感到有兴趣，写 interested。
错误： Compared the two plans, the second is cheaper. → 主句主语承受比较，应写 Compared with the first plan, the second is cheaper；若人执行比较，则用 Comparing。
易混知识点
过去分词作表语可能接近形容词，强调状态；被动语态强调动作。The shop is closed at night 可描述安排或动作，The shop is closed 强调当前状态时更接近形容词用法。
总结
根据逻辑主语与动作的关系判断是否用过去分词，再结合位置确定其作定语、补语还是状语。
高中必修 · 过去分词作定语与补语
基本功能
过去分词短语作后置定语可还原为被动定语从句：the samples collected yesterday = the samples that were collected yesterday。have/get + 宾语 + done 可表示让别人做、使某事完成或遭遇某事：I had my bike repaired；He had his wallet stolen。
感官动词后的过去分词强调宾语承受动作或处于结果状态：I heard my name called。
小练习
- 改写：the books that were donated by local families（使用分词）
- 填空：She had her computer ___ (repair) yesterday.
- 填空：I noticed the door ___ (leave) open.
参考答案
the books donated by local families。repaired。left。
选择性必修 · 过去分词作状语与独立结构
进阶功能
过去分词作状语可表示时间、原因、条件、让步或伴随：Asked about the result, she smiled；Given more time, we could improve the design。必要时可保留 when、if、although 等连词，使关系更明确。
若分词的逻辑主语不同于主句主语，需要独立主格：The work finished, everyone went home。部分固定表达如 given、considering 已趋向介词或连词用法，要结合整体理解。
小练习
- 改写：Because he was encouraged by his teacher, he tried again.（使用分词）
- 填空：___ (see) from above, the fields form a pattern.
- 补全独立结构：The meeting ___, the participants left the room.
参考答案
- Encouraged by his teacher, he tried again。
Seen。over/finished，构成名词 + 形容词或过去分词的独立结构。