核心规则
非谓语动词保留动作意义,却不独立承担句子的时态和人称变化。一个简单句通常只有一个谓语核心;其他动作若没有连词引入新分句,就要改为不定式、动名词或分词等非谓语形式。
结构与例句
| 形式 | 常见功能 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| to do | 目的、将来倾向、主宾补 | To learn takes time. |
| doing | 活动概念、主动或进行 | Reading helps us think. |
| done | 被动或完成后的状态 | Built in 1900, the house is historic. |
更完整的形式还包括 to be done、to have done、being done、having done 和 having been done。
使用场景
选择非谓语可用四步:确认它不是谓语;判断在句中作什么成分;找逻辑主语;判断主动/被动以及动作先后。语义关系优先于表面位置。
常见错误
错误: He opened the door, walked into the room. → 两个谓语缺连接,可写 He opened the door and walked in,或 Opening the door, he walked in。
错误: Seen from the hill, we found the city beautiful. → seen 的逻辑主语应是 city,不是 we,应改为 Seeing the city from the hill...。
易混知识点
动名词与现在分词都写作 doing,但前者把动作当作名词性活动,后者常作修饰或状语。判断依据是句法功能,而不是外形。
总结
先保证句子谓语结构完整,再用“成分—逻辑主语—语态—时间”确定非谓语形式。
高中必修 · 非谓语选择框架
高中学习重点
遇到动词填空时,先检查句中是否已有谓语以及是否有连词。若已有谓语且没有新分句连接,通常考虑非谓语。接着找到该动作的逻辑主语:逻辑主语发出动作选主动形式,承受动作选被动形式;动作明显早于谓语时,考虑完成式。
例如 Having finished the experiment, the students wrote the report 中 finish 的逻辑主语是 students,且完成在 write 之前,所以使用 having done。
小练习
- 填空:___ (compare) with the old method, the new one saves more energy.
- 填空:___ (finish) her homework, Li Hua went out for a walk.
- 改错:Driving along the road, the mountains looked beautiful.
参考答案
Compared,the new one 是被比较的对象。Having finished。- 悬垂修饰,应改为
Driving along the road, we found the mountains beautiful等,使逻辑主语一致。